The effects of training with different types of load on muscle mechanical properties

[S. M. Đurić]

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Fizičko vaspitanje i sport - Nauke fizičkog vaspitanja, sporta i rekreacije / Physical Education and Sport - Science of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation

Pored toga što su od esencijalnog značaja za vršenje pokreta, mehaničke osobine mišića imaju veliki značaj za razumevanje funkcije i građe lokomotornog aparata čoveka. Poznavanje mehaničkih osobina mišića otvara nove mogućnosti za unapređenje efikasnosti različitih intervencija u rehabilitaciji i treningu. Iz tog razloga, metode treninga i testiranja koje se odnose na mišićne kapacitete da proizvedu silu, brzinu i snagu su u fokusu istraživanja decenijama unazad. Na osnovu predmeta istraživanja, planirana su i sprovedena 2 eksperimenta. Eksperiment 1 - Efekti treninga sa gravitacionom, inercionom i kombinovanom vrstom opterećenja na mišićnu snagu i silu Iako gravitaciona (težina) i inerciona vrsta opterećenja rezultuju vidno drugačijim obrascem i veličinom mišićne aktivnosti, njihovi specifični efekti u treningu su uglavnom zanemareni. Kako bi se istražili prirasti u mišićnoj snazi (P) i sili (1RM) specifični u odnosu na primenjeno opterećenje kod treninga izbačaja sa grudi, 48 studenata Fakulteta sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja muškog pola (starosti 20,5 ± 2,0 godina), slučajnim izborom raspoređeno je u gravitacionu, inercionu, kombinovanu ili kontrolnu grupu. Ispitanici su imali trening izbačaja sa grudi u trajanju 8 nedelja sa tri vrste opterećenja koje su odgovarale različitim efektima mase 40 kg (što je predstavljalo oko 50 % 1RM-a). Posmatrane varijable bile su srednja i maksimalna snaga (Pavg i Pmax), 1RM, apsolutni prirasti u Pavg i Pmax, relativni prirasti u Pavg, Pmax i 1RM. Rezultati su ukazali da su prirasti u Pavg, Pmax i 1RM bili značajni kod sve tri eksperimentalne grupe (p < 0,01), ali ne i kod kontrolne grupe (p > 0,1). Relativni prirasti u Pavg (26,3 ± 9,8 %) i Pmax (25,2 ± 9,8 %) bili su veći nego prirasti u 1RM-u (7,2 ± 6,9 %; oba p < 0,001). Apsolutni prirasti u Pavg (F4, 66 = 6,0; p < 0,01) i Pmax (F4, 66 = 4,7; p < 0,01) bili su veći kada su testirani pri opterećenjima pri kojima su sprovedeni treninzi, nego pri ostale dve vrste opterećenja. Razlike u 1RM-u između eksperimentalnih grupa nisu bile značajne (p = 0,092). Nalazi studije ukazuju da je trening sa umerenim opterećenjem doveo do značajnog prirasta u snazi, dok je prirast u sili bio relativno mali...

Although they are essential for performing the movement, the muscle mechanical properties are of essential importance for understanding the function and structure of human locomotor apparatus. The knowledge regarding the muscle mechanical properties reveals new possibilities for improving efficancy of different interventions in rehabilitation and training. Therefore, both the training and testing methods related to muscle capacities to produce force, velocity and power, have been in focus of research for decades. Based on the research subject, we planned and conducted 2 experiments. Experiment 1 - Effects of constant, inertial, and combined resistance training on power and strength Although the constant (i.e., weight) and inertial resistance result in a prominently different pattern and magnitude of muscle activity, their specific training effects have been largely neglected. To investigate the resistance-specific gains in muscle power (P) and strength (1RM) following the training of maximum bench-press throws against constant, inertial, and combined resistance, 48 male physical education students (age= 20.5±2.0 years) were randomly assigned to either the constant, inertial, combined or control-group. Participants underwent 8 weeks of training of bench-press throws against the load originating from 3 resistive forces that corresponded to the different effects of mass of 40 kg (approximately 50% of 1RM). Observed variables were average and maximum power (Pavg & Pmax), strength (1RM), absolute gains in Pavg and Pmax, relative gain in Pavg, Pmax and 1RM. Results showed that the gains in Pavg, Pmax and 1RM were significant in all 3 experimental groups (p < 0.01), but not in the control-group (p > 0.1). Relative gains in Pavg (26.3 ± 9.8 %) and Pmax (25.2 ± 9.8 %) were larger than in 1RM (7.2 ± 6.9 %; both p < 0.001). The absolute gains in Pavg (F4, 66 = 6.0; p < 0.01) and Pmax (F4, 66 = 4.7; p < 0.01) were higher when tested against the training-specific resistance than when tested against the remaining 2 resistance types. Differences in 1RM among experimental groups were not significant (p = 0.092)...

opterećenja, mišićna funkcija, izbačaj sa grudi, vežba

load, muscle function, bench-press throws, exercise performance

796.015.11: 612.766 (043.3)

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