Title
In-situ dust detection using radio antennas of different spacecraft - space observations and modeling: doctoral dissertation
Creator
Racković Babić, Kristina, 1984-
CONOR:
114117385
Copyright date
2022
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Autorstvo-Nekomercijalno-Bez prerade 3.0 Srbija (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)
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Language
Serbian
Cobiss-ID
Theses Type
Doktorska disertacija
description
Datum odbrane: 07.12.2022.
Other responsibilities
Academic Expertise
Prirodno-matematičke nauke
Academic Title
-
University
Univerzitet u Beogradu
Faculty
Matematički fakultet
Alternative title
Neposredna detekcija kosmičke prašine radio-uređajima svemirskih letelica
Publisher
[K. Racković Babić]
Format
XVI, 151 list
description
Astronomy and Astrophysics - Physics of Heliosphere / Astronomy et Astrophysique - Phisique des Heliosphere / Astronomije i Astrofizika
- Fizika heliosfere
Abstract (en)
Interplanetary dust grains contain important information about the
Solar System. Analyzing these particles is an important aspect of the
heliosphere study. Dust impacts have been observed using radio and
wave instruments onboard the spacecraft since the 1980s. The interac-
tion between the impact-generated plasma cloud and antenna – space-
craft system elements generates the characteristic signal waveform.
The present work focuses on the detection and interpretation of the
dust generated signals from radio instruments onboard various space-
craft orbiting at 1 AU.
In the first part of the thesis, we aim to develop a model which links
the observed electric signals to the dust impact properties. We propose
a new model which takes into account the effect of impact - ionization
- charge collection and electrostatic-influence. Our model provides an
analytical expression for the pulse. It allows us to measure the amount
of total ion charge, the fraction of escaping charge, the rise timescale,
and the relaxation timescale. The proposed model is simple and conve-
nient for large data fitting. To validate the model, we use the Time Do-
main Sampler (TDS) subsystem of the STEREO/WAVES instrument,
which generates high-cadence time series of voltage pulses for each
monopole. Since the beginning of the STEREO mission in 2007, we
have collected all the dust events detected by S/WAVES/TDS simul-
taneously on all three monopoles at 1 AU. Our study confirms that
the rise time vastly exceeds the spacecraft’s short timescale of elec-
tron collection by the spacecraft. Aside from electron dynamics, we
also obtained interesting results regarding the cloud’s electron tem-
perature. The presented model provides an effective tool for analyzing
vii
dust waveforms, and is applicable for different space missions which
investigate the distribution of dust particles, e.g., Solar Orbiter and
Parker Solar Probe.
In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the interstellar dust
(ISD). Interplanetary and interstellar dust are the two main dust pop-
ulations at 1 AU. Our objective is to search for interstellar dust by
analyzing the data sets collected by STEREO and Wind, starting from
the beginning of the missions. Between 2007 and 2012, while being at
the solar minimum with a solar dipole pointing southward, all three
spacecraft recorded ISD flux at 1 AU. However, before and after that
period, the disappearance of the interstellar component was noticeable.
The observed change of the impact rate suggests that the flux of inter-
stellar dust at 1 AU varies with the solar cycle. Each time the magnetic
dipole field changes its polarity during the solar cycle, small interstel-
lar grains experience focusing or defocusing. Consequently, the dust
grains are systematically deflected either towards, or away from the
solar magnetic equator plane by the solar wind magnetic field which
thus affects the dust dynamics and the total interstellar dust flux in
the inner heliosphere. Our study provides the first quantitative de-
scription of the time variation of ISD flux at 1 AU
Abstract (fr)
Les grains de poussière interplanétaires contiennent des informations
importantes sur le système solaire. L’analyse de ces particules est un
aspect important de l’étude de l’héliosphère. Depuis les années 1980,
les impacts de poussières sont observés à l’aide d’instruments radio et
à ondes embarqués à bord de sondes spatiales. L’interaction entre le
nuage de plasma généré par l’impact de poussières et les éléments du
système antenne-sonde spatiale génère la forme d’onde du signal. Le
présent travail se concentre sur la détection et l’interprétation des ob-
servations de poussières à partir d’instruments radio à bord de divers
sondes en orbite à 1 AU.
Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons développé un mod-
èle qui lie les signaux électriques observés aux propriétés d’impact des
poussières. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle qui prend en compte
les effets d’impact - ionisation - collection de charges et d’influence
électrostatique. Il s’agit d’une expression analytique de l’impulsion.
Elle nous permet de mesurer la quantité de la charge ionique totale, la
fraction de la charge qui s’échappe, l’échelle du temps de montée et
l’échelle du temps de relaxation. Le modèle proposé est simple et pra-
tique pour l’ajustement à un grand jeux de données. Pour valider le
modèle, nous utilisons le sous-système Time Domain Sampler (TDS)
de l’instrument STEREO/WAVES, qui génère des séries temporelles
d’impulsions de la tension à haute cadence pour chaque monopole.
Nous avons collecté tous les événements de poussière détectés par
S/WAVES/TDS simultanément sur les trois monopoles à 1 AU depuis
le début de la mission STEREO en 2007. Notre étude confirme que le
temps de montée dépasse largement la courte échelle de temps de
ix
collecte des électrons par la sonde. Outre la dynamique des électrons,
nous avons également obtenu des résultats nouveaux concernant la
température des électrons du nuage. Le modèle présenté constitue un
outil efficace pour analyser les formes d’onde de la poussière et est
applicable à différentes missions spatiales qui étudient la distribution
des particules de poussière, par exemple sur Solar Orbiter et Parker
Solar Probe.
Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous ètudions la poussière
interstellaire (ISD). La poussière interplanétaire et la poussière inter-
stellaire sont les deux principales populations de poussière à 1AU.
L’objectif de cette partie est d’analyser les jeux de données pour la
poussière interstellaire collectés par les sondes STEREO et Wind, sur
une grande échelle de temps, dès le début des missions. Entre 2007 et
2012, au moment du minimum solaire avec un dipôle solaire pointant
vers le sud, les trois sondes ont enregistré un flux ISD à 1 AU, mais
avant et après cette période, la disparition de la composante interstel-
laire est notable. La disparition d’impacts suggère que le flux de pous-
sière interstellaire observé varie avec le cycle solaire. Lorsque le champ
dipolaire magnétique a changé de polarité au cours du cycle solaire,
les grains interstellaires ont subi une focalisation ou une défocalisa-
tion. Par conséquent, les grains de poussière sont systématiquement
déviés vers - ou loin - du plan de l’équateur magnétique solaire, par le
champ magnétique du vent solaire, ce qui affecte la dynamique de la
poussière et le flux total de poussière interstellaire dans l’héliosphère
interne.
Abstract ()
Me ¯duplanetarna prašina sadrži važne informacije o Sunˇcevom sistemu.
Neposredna posmatranja kosmiˇcke prašine razliˇcitog porekla (od kom-
eta, asteroida, planeta, prirodnih satelita, me ¯duzvezdane materije, itd)
rutinski se obalja u okviru postoje´cih svemirskih misija koje su opreml-
jene odgovarajucim instrumentima. Udari prašine prime´ceni su ko-
riš´cenjem radio i instrumenata za detekciju talasa na svemirskim lete-
licama još 1980-ih godina. Interakcija izmedju oblaka plazme nasta-
log usled udara ˇcestica prašine i elemenata sistema antena–svemirska
letelica, dovodi do pojavljivanja karakteristiˇcnog talasanog oblika u
signalu. Ovaj rad se fokusira na otkrivanje i tumaˇcenje takvih talasnih
oblika u signalu sa radio instrumenata razliˇcitih svemirskih letelica
koje kruže na udaljenosti od jedne AJ.
U prvom delu rada predstvaljen je teorijski model koji objašnjava
proces nastanka pomenutih signala, te nam omogu´cava da procenimo
fiziˇcka svojstva prašine na osnovu analize detektovanih talasnih oblika.
Predlažemo novi model koji uzima u obzir uticaj jonizacije u prikupl-
janju naelektrisanja, kao i elektrostatiˇcki uticaj. Kroz ovaj model želimo
da pokažemo da svojstva detektovanog signala u velikoj meri zavise
od lokalnog okruženja letelice, kao i od dinamike oblaka jonizovanog
gasa nastalog sudarnom jonizacijom. Predloženi model je jednosta-
van i pogodan za upotrebu na velikom broju podataka. U svrhu testi-
ranja pouzdanosti modela koristimo podsistem Time Domain Sampler
(TDS) instrumenta STEREO/WAVES, koji generiše ˇcesto ponavljaju´ce
vremenske serije naponskih impulsa za svaki monopol. Naše istraži-
vanje dalo je zanimljive rezultate u vezi sa temperaturom elektrona u
oblaku. Predstavljeni model pruža efikasan alat za analizu talasnih ob-
xi
lika prašine i primenjiv je na podatke sa razliˇcitih svemirskih letelica.
Drugi deo teze odnosi se na detekciju i analizu me ¯duzvezdane pra-
šine (ISD, eng. interstellar dust). Me ¯duplanetarna prašina i me ¯duzvez-
dane prašina predstavljaju dve primarne populacije na udaljenosti od
1 AJ. Naš cilj je analiza podataka za me ¯duzvezdanu prašinu koje
prikupljaju STEREO i Wind sateliti, od poˇcetka misija. U periodu od
2007. do 2012. godine, kada je zabeležen minimum Sunˇceve aktivnosti,
a magnetni dipol orijentisan ka jugu, sve tri letelice detektovale su
fluks me ¯duzvezdane prašine na 1 AJ. Me ¯dutim, pre i nakon tog pe-
rioda primetan je nestanak me ¯duzvezdane komponente. Kada mag-
netno polje promeni polaritet, snop sitnijih zrna me ¯duzvedanih prašine
pretrpi svojevrsno fokusiranje ili pak defokusiranje. Shodno tome, kao
rezultat dolazi do toga da se zrnca prašine sistematski odguruju ka, ili
dalje od ravni Sunˇcevog ekvatora. To umnogome utiˇce na dinamiku i
ukupan protok me ¯duzvezdane prašine u unutrašnjoj heliosferi. Naše
istraživanje pruža prvi kvanitativni prikaz varijacije ISD na 1 AJ tokom
vremena, Me ¯duplanetarna prašina sadrži važne informacije o Sunˇcevom sistemu.
Neposredna posmatranja kosmiˇcke prašine razliˇcitog porekla (od kom-
eta, asteroida, planeta, prirodnih satelita, me ¯duzvezdane materije, itd)
rutinski se obalja u okviru postoje´cih svemirskih misija koje su opreml-
jene odgovarajucim instrumentima. Udari prašine prime´ceni su ko-
riš´cenjem radio i instrumenata za detekciju talasa na svemirskim lete-
licama još 1980-ih godina. Interakcija izmedju oblaka plazme nasta-
log usled udara ˇcestica prašine i elemenata sistema antena–svemirska
letelica, dovodi do pojavljivanja karakteristiˇcnog talasanog oblika u
signalu. Ovaj rad se fokusira na otkrivanje i tumaˇcenje takvih talasnih
oblika u signalu sa radio instrumenata razliˇcitih svemirskih letelica
koje kruže na udaljenosti od jedne AJ.
U prvom delu rada predstvaljen je teorijski model koji objašnjava
proces nastanka pomenutih signala, te nam omogu´cava da procenimo
fiziˇcka svojstva prašine na osnovu analize detektovanih talasnih oblika.
Predlažemo novi model koji uzima u obzir uticaj jonizacije u prikupl-
janju naelektrisanja, kao i elektrostatiˇcki uticaj. Kroz ovaj model želimo
da pokažemo da svojstva detektovanog signala u velikoj meri zavise
od lokalnog okruženja letelice, kao i od dinamike oblaka jonizovanog
gasa nastalog sudarnom jonizacijom. Predloženi model je jednosta-
van i pogodan za upotrebu na velikom broju podataka. U svrhu testi-
ranja pouzdanosti modela koristimo podsistem Time Domain Sampler
(TDS) instrumenta STEREO/WAVES, koji generiše ˇcesto ponavljaju´ce
vremenske serije naponskih impulsa za svaki monopol. Naše istraži-
vanje dalo je zanimljive rezultate u vezi sa temperaturom elektrona u
oblaku. Predstavljeni model pruža efikasan alat za analizu talasnih ob-
xi
lika prašine i primenjiv je na podatke sa razliˇcitih svemirskih letelica.
Drugi deo teze odnosi se na detekciju i analizu me ¯duzvezdane pra-
šine (ISD, eng. interstellar dust). Me ¯duplanetarna prašina i me ¯duzvez-
dane prašina predstavljaju dve primarne populacije na udaljenosti od
1 AJ. Naš cilj je analiza podataka za me ¯duzvezdanu prašinu koje
prikupljaju STEREO i Wind sateliti, od poˇcetka misija. U periodu od
2007. do 2012. godine, kada je zabeležen minimum Sunˇceve aktivnosti,
a magnetni dipol orijentisan ka jugu, sve tri letelice detektovale su
fluks me ¯duzvezdane prašine na 1 AJ. Me ¯dutim, pre i nakon tog pe-
rioda primetan je nestanak me ¯duzvezdane komponente. Kada mag-
netno polje promeni polaritet, snop sitnijih zrna me ¯duzvedanih prašine
pretrpi svojevrsno fokusiranje ili pak defokusiranje. Shodno tome, kao
rezultat dolazi do toga da se zrnca prašine sistematski odguruju ka, ili
dalje od ravni Sunˇcevog ekvatora. To umnogome utiˇce na dinamiku i
ukupan protok me ¯duzvezdane prašine u unutrašnjoj heliosferi. Naše
istraživanje pruža prvi kvanitativni prikaz varijacije ISD na 1 AJ tokom
vremena
Authors Key words
heliosphere, dust grains, interplanetary dust, modeling,
interstellar dust, analyze
Authors Key words
heliosphère , grains de poussières , poussières interplan-
etaires, modèle, poussières interstellaires , analyse
Classification
523.62(043.3)
524.57(043.3)
Subject
heliosfera, ˇcestice prašine, me ¯duplanetarna prašina,
modelovanje, me ¯duzveydana prašina, analiza
Type
Tekst
Abstract (en)
Interplanetary dust grains contain important information about the
Solar System. Analyzing these particles is an important aspect of the
heliosphere study. Dust impacts have been observed using radio and
wave instruments onboard the spacecraft since the 1980s. The interac-
tion between the impact-generated plasma cloud and antenna – space-
craft system elements generates the characteristic signal waveform.
The present work focuses on the detection and interpretation of the
dust generated signals from radio instruments onboard various space-
craft orbiting at 1 AU.
In the first part of the thesis, we aim to develop a model which links
the observed electric signals to the dust impact properties. We propose
a new model which takes into account the effect of impact - ionization
- charge collection and electrostatic-influence. Our model provides an
analytical expression for the pulse. It allows us to measure the amount
of total ion charge, the fraction of escaping charge, the rise timescale,
and the relaxation timescale. The proposed model is simple and conve-
nient for large data fitting. To validate the model, we use the Time Do-
main Sampler (TDS) subsystem of the STEREO/WAVES instrument,
which generates high-cadence time series of voltage pulses for each
monopole. Since the beginning of the STEREO mission in 2007, we
have collected all the dust events detected by S/WAVES/TDS simul-
taneously on all three monopoles at 1 AU. Our study confirms that
the rise time vastly exceeds the spacecraft’s short timescale of elec-
tron collection by the spacecraft. Aside from electron dynamics, we
also obtained interesting results regarding the cloud’s electron tem-
perature. The presented model provides an effective tool for analyzing
vii
dust waveforms, and is applicable for different space missions which
investigate the distribution of dust particles, e.g., Solar Orbiter and
Parker Solar Probe.
In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the interstellar dust
(ISD). Interplanetary and interstellar dust are the two main dust pop-
ulations at 1 AU. Our objective is to search for interstellar dust by
analyzing the data sets collected by STEREO and Wind, starting from
the beginning of the missions. Between 2007 and 2012, while being at
the solar minimum with a solar dipole pointing southward, all three
spacecraft recorded ISD flux at 1 AU. However, before and after that
period, the disappearance of the interstellar component was noticeable.
The observed change of the impact rate suggests that the flux of inter-
stellar dust at 1 AU varies with the solar cycle. Each time the magnetic
dipole field changes its polarity during the solar cycle, small interstel-
lar grains experience focusing or defocusing. Consequently, the dust
grains are systematically deflected either towards, or away from the
solar magnetic equator plane by the solar wind magnetic field which
thus affects the dust dynamics and the total interstellar dust flux in
the inner heliosphere. Our study provides the first quantitative de-
scription of the time variation of ISD flux at 1 AU
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